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Mine reclamation creates useful landscapes that meet a variety of goals, ranging from the restoration of productive ecosystems to the creation of industrial and municipal resources. In the United States, mine reclamation is a regular part of modern mining practices. [2] Modern mine reclamation reduces the environmental effects of mining.
Currently, mining on federal land must have a government-approved mining and reclamation plan before mining can start. Reclamation bonds are required. [13] Mining on either federal, state, or private land is subject to the requirements of the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act. One solution proposed to reclamation problems is the ...
The chemistry of oxidation of pyrites, the production of ferrous ions and subsequently ferric ions, is very complex, and this complexity has considerably inhibited the design of effective treatment options. [6] Although a host of chemical processes contribute to acid mine drainage, pyrite oxidation is by far the greatest contributor.
Upon exposure to oxygen (O 2) and water (H 2 O), metal sulfides undergo oxidation to produce metal-rich acidic effluent. If the pH is low enough to overcome the natural buffering capacity of the surrounding rocks (‘calcium carbonate equivalent’ or ‘acid neutralising capacity’), the surrounding area may become acidic, as well as contaminated with high levels of heavy metals.
Mining of sulfur from a deposit at the edge of Ijen's crater lake, Indonesia. Mining is the extraction of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the Earth. Mining is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or feasibly created artificially in a laboratory or factory.
May 14—COAL TOWNSHIP — Northumberland County residents deserve projects that reclaim abandoned mines and stimulate the local economy, according to U.S. Sen. Bob Casey on Friday. Casey, D-PA ...
For a mine nearing closure, the closure plan takes the form of a decommissioning plan, and includes details and selection of mitigative technologies (especially for acid rock drainage) and other specific reclamation and closure activities. A critical element of successful reclamation and of good closure planning is stakeholder involvement ...
Why is norovirus so hard to kill? The most reliable way to stop the spread is washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds , especially if you are preparing food, or after using ...