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In a degenerate gas, all quantum states are filled up to the Fermi energy. Most stars are supported against their own gravitation by normal thermal gas pressure, while in white dwarf stars the supporting force comes from the degeneracy pressure of the electron gas in their interior. In neutron stars, the degenerate particles are neutrons.
This is the pressure that prevents a white dwarf star from collapsing. A star exceeding this limit and without significant thermally generated pressure will continue to collapse to form either a neutron star or black hole, because the degeneracy pressure provided by the electrons is weaker than the inward pull of gravity.
In the nonrelativistic case, electron degeneracy pressure gives rise to an equation of state of the form P = K 1 ρ 5/3, where P is the pressure, ρ is the mass density, and K 1 is a constant. Solving the hydrostatic equation leads to a model white dwarf that is a polytrope of index 3 / 2 – and therefore has radius inversely ...
Chain-melted state: Metals, such as potassium, at high temperature and pressure, present properties of both a solid and liquid. Wigner crystal: a crystalline phase of low-density electrons. Hexatic state, a state of matter that is between the solid and the isotropic liquid phases in two dimensional systems of particles. Ferroics
A vapor can exist in equilibrium with a liquid (or solid), in which case the gas pressure equals the vapor pressure of the liquid (or solid). A supercritical fluid (SCF) is a gas whose temperature and pressure are above the critical temperature and critical pressure respectively. In this state, the distinction between liquid and gas disappears.
The cast of “Friends” is well known for being besties, but that developed over time. During an appearance on Dax Shepard’s “Armchair Expert” podcast, “Friends” star Lisa Kudrow ...
Some massive stars collapse to form neutron stars at the end of their life cycle, as has been both observed and explained theoretically.Under the extreme temperatures and pressures inside neutron stars, the neutrons are normally kept apart by a degeneracy pressure, stabilizing the star and hindering further gravitational collapse. [2]
A Dutch court convicted five men for their part in last month's violence against Israeli soccer fans in Amsterdam.