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Cervicitis is inflammation of the uterine cervix. [1] Cervicitis in women has many features in common with urethritis in men and many cases are caused by sexually transmitted infections . Non-infectious causes of cervicitis can include intrauterine devices , contraceptive diaphragms , and allergic reactions to spermicides or latex condoms . [ 2 ]
Signs and symptoms include spotting, bleeding, abdominal pain, and menstrual cramps. The resulting uterine tissue is called a decidual cast and must be passed through the cervix and vagina. [16] It typically takes the shape of the uterus itself. Membranous dysmenorrhea is extremely rare and there are very few reported cases.
Ultrasound is specifically recommended in those over the age of 35 or those in whom bleeding continues despite initial treatment. [4] Laboratory assessment of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), pregnancy, and chlamydia is also recommended. [8] More extensive testing might include an MRI and endometrial sampling. [2]
Vaginal cysts are often discovered during a routine pelvic exam or pap smear. [10] [9] Cysts are also discovered during a bimanual exam. [15] Other structures that resemble vaginal cysts are connective tissue tumors, hematocolpos, and hymenal atresia. [15] The absence of vaginal rugae over the cyst is a clue to their presence. [3]
A Bartholin's cyst occurs when a Bartholin's gland within the labia becomes blocked. [4] Small cysts may result in minimal or no symptoms. [1] Larger cysts may result in swelling on one side of the vaginal opening, as well as pain during sex or walking. [4] If the cyst becomes infected, an abscess can occur, which is typically red and very ...
Endometrial biopsy in those with high risk endometrial cancer or atypical hyperplasia or malignancy. [15] Sonohysterography to assess for abnormalities within the uterine lining [17] Hysteroscopy (anaesthesia should be offered) [15] Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone dosage to rule out hypothyroidism [18]
The cysts can release blood; the endometrial cyst "menstruates" in the lung. Endometrial cells undergo structural changes during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, in a process called decidualization. Decidualized pleural endometrial implants can disrupt the pleura and lead to pneumothorax (and hemothorax). [11]
The diagnosis is typically based on the presenting signs and symptoms. [2] It is recommended that the disease be considered in all women of childbearing age who have lower abdominal pain. [2] A definitive diagnosis of PID is made by finding pus involving the fallopian tubes during surgery. [2] Ultrasound may also be useful in diagnosis. [2]
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