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Gondwana (/ ɡ ɒ n d ˈ w ɑː n ə /) [1] was a large landmass, sometimes referred to as a supercontinent. The remnants of Gondwana make up around two-thirds of today's continental area, including South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, Zealandia, Arabia, and the Indian Subcontinent.
The term Pan-African was coined by Kennedy 1964 for a tectono-thermal event at about 500 Ma when a series of mobile belts in Africa formed between much older African cratons. At the time, other terms were used for similar orogenic events on other continents, i.e. Brasiliano in South America; Adelaidean in Australia; and Beardmore in Antarctica.
The notion that Gondwana was assembled during the Late Precambrian from two older fragments along the Pan-African Mozambique Belt was first proposed in the early 1980s. [3] A decade later this continental collision was named the East African Orogeny, but it was also realised that this was not the simple bringing together of two halves.
The geology of Ethiopia includes rocks of the Neoproterozoic East African Orogeny, Jurassic marine sediments and Quaternary rift-related volcanism. Events that greatly shaped Ethiopian geology is the assembly and break-up of Gondwana and the present-day rifting of Africa.
Africa Damara orogeny.53 .5 Africa Kibaran orogeny: 1.4 1 Africa Eburnean orogeny: 2.2 2 Africa East African Orogeny.75 .55 Africa Mauritanide Orogeny.32 .27 Africa Mozambique Orogeny: 2.65 2.97 Africa Zambezi Orogeny.89 .53 Africa Napier orogeny: 4 Antarctica Rayner orogeny: 3.5 Antarctica Humboldt orogeny: 3 Antarctica Insel orogeny: 2.65 ...
Pannotia was centred on the South Pole, hence its name. Pannotia (from Greek: pan-, "all", -nótos, "south"; meaning "all southern land"), also known as the Vendian supercontinent, Greater Gondwana, and the Pan-African supercontinent, was a relatively short-lived Neoproterozoic supercontinent that formed at the end of the Precambrian during the Pan-African orogeny (650–500 Ma), during the ...
Its flood basalt mostly covers South Africa and Antarctica, but portions extend further into southern Africa and into South America, India, Australia and New Zealand. [ 3 ] Karoo-Ferrar formed just prior to the breakup of Gondwana in the Lower Jurassic epoch, about 183 million years ago; [ 4 ] this timing corresponds to the early Toarcian ...
Nigeria has extensive natural resources and is the largest crude oil producer in Africa and 20 billion barrels of reserves. As such, petroleum is central to economy of Nigeria, producing 80 percent of government revenues and 95 percent of export earnings. Additionally, Nigeria has 2.6 trillion cubic meters of natural gas and a high overall gas ...