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natural water displacing oil downward into the well; expansion of the associated petroleum gas at the top of the reservoir; expansion of the associated gas initially dissolved in the crude oil; gravity drainage resulting from the movement of oil within the reservoir from the upper to the lower parts where well extraction is located.
All unrefined crude oil has some water entrained within it. During transportation by ship, separation occurs naturally and water collects at the base of the tank below the oil, this is known as free water (FW). [4] Sales contracts for crude oil will typically specify the BS&W and FW to ensure the cargo meets quality standards.
The volume of gas that an oil and gas separator will remove from crude oil is dependent on (1) physical and chemical characteristics of the crude, (2) operating pressure, (3) operating temperature, (4) rate of throughput, (5) size and configuration of the separator, and (6) other factors.
In a centrifugal oil and water separator, the force of gravity is one-thousand [citation needed] times greater that of the coalescing plate pack separator or the petrol interceptor, so the separation is much greater. Not only is the force of separation greater, but there are fewer working parts so maintenance is much easier and cheaper.
Nut shell filtration uses nut shell media in a vessel to remove oil. Nut shell filters were designed to separate crude oil from oilfield produced water in the 1970s. Typically, nut shell filters are used as a polishing step to achieve low oil concentrations (<10 mg/L).
Demulsifiers, or emulsion breakers, are a class of specialty chemicals used to separate emulsions, for example, water in oil. They are commonly used in the processing of crude oil, which is typically produced along with significant quantities of saline water. This water (and salt) must be removed from the crude oil prior to refining.
Further water treatment is designed to remove oil droplets smaller than 150 micron, dissolved materials and hydrocarbons, heavier oils or other contaminants not removed by the API. Secondary treatment technologies include dissolved air flotation (DAF) , Anaerobic and Aerobic biological treatment, Parallel Plate Separators, Hydrocyclone , Walnut ...
Hydrodesulfurization or hydrodesulphurisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences) (HDS), also called hydrotreatment or hydrotreating, is a catalytic chemical process widely used to remove sulfur (S) from natural gas and from refined petroleum products, such as gasoline or petrol, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oils.