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Amenorrhea or amenorrhoea is the absence of a menstrual period in a female who has reached reproductive age. [1] Physiological states of amenorrhoea are seen, most commonly, during pregnancy and lactation (breastfeeding). [1] Outside the reproductive years, there is absence of menses during childhood and after menopause. [1]
It begins with the main symptom, which is amenorrhea, where there is an irregular or no menstrual period at all. Other symptoms are related to ovarian cysts, and more common ones are also listed below. A variation of symptoms can occur together, however, that depends on the person and the severity of the disease. Primary amenorrhea
Oligoamenorrhea, also known as irregular infrequent periods or irregular infrequent menstrual bleeding, is a collective term to refer to both oligomenorrhea (infrequent periods) and amenorrhea (absence of periods). [1] It is a menstrual disorder in which menstrual bleeding occurs on an infrequent and irregular basis.
In primary amenorrhea, in which there is a failure to menstruate by the age of 16 with normal sexual development or by 14 without normal sexual development, causes can be from developmental abnormalities of the uterus, ovaries, or genital tract, or endocrine disorders.
The most recent COVID-19 vaccine should offer protection against the XEC variant, Russo says. “The most recent version of the vaccine seems to be reasonably well-matched,” he says.
However, some people continue to experience a range of effects, such as fatigue, for prolonged periods after an initial COVID-19 infection. [20] This is the result of a condition called long COVID , which can be described as a range of persistent symptoms that continue for months or years. [ 20 ]
For this winter’s COVID-19 surge, Justman says that hospitalizations are expected to peak at a rate higher than during this past summer’s surge but probably lower than during last winter's peak.
The principal for obstetric management of COVID-19 include rapid detection, isolation, and testing, profound preventive measures, regular monitoring of fetus as well as of uterine contractions, peculiar case-to-case delivery planning based on severity of symptoms, and appropriate post-natal measures for preventing infection.