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In surveying, tape correction(s) refer(s) to correcting measurements for the effect of slope angle, ... "Taping Distance Errors Quantified" (PDF).
Random errors are errors in measurement that lead to measurable values being inconsistent when repeated measurements of a constant attribute or quantity are taken. Random errors create measurement uncertainty. Systematic errors are errors that are not determined by chance but are introduced by repeatable processes inherent to the system. [3]
Cross, P.A. "Advanced least squares applied to position-fixing", University of East London, School of Surveying, Working Paper No. 6, ISSN 0260-9142, January 1994. First edition April 1983, Reprinted with corrections January 1990. (Original Working Papers, North East London Polytechnic, Dept. of Surveying, 205 pp., 1983.)
Download as PDF; Printable version; ... It mostly causes errors in observations while surveying and thus suitable methods are employed to negate these errors. [3]
For example, if the mean height in a population of 21-year-old men is 1.75 meters, and one randomly chosen man is 1.80 meters tall, then the "error" is 0.05 meters; if the randomly chosen man is 1.70 meters tall, then the "error" is −0.05 meters.
Plane surveying assumes the Earth is flat. Curvature and spheroidal shape of the Earth is neglected. In this type of surveying all triangles formed by joining survey lines are considered as plane triangles. It is employed for small survey works where errors due to the Earth's shape are too small to matter. [18]
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In surveying, the repetition method is used to improve precision and accuracy of measurements of horizontal angles. The same angle is measured multiple times, with the survey instrument rotated so that systematic errors tend to cancel. The arithmetic mean of these observations gives true value of an angle.