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Uric acid displays lactam–lactim tautomerism. [4] Uric acid crystallizes in the lactam form, [5] with computational chemistry also indicating that tautomer to be the most stable. [6] Uric acid is a diprotic acid with pK a1 = 5.4 and pK a2 = 10.3. [7] At physiological pH, urate predominates in solution. [medical citation needed]
Unless high blood levels of uric acid are determined in a clinical laboratory, hyperuricemia may not cause noticeable symptoms in most people. [5] Development of gout – which is a painful, short-term disorder – is the most common consequence of hyperuricemia, which causes deposition of uric acid crystals usually in joints of the extremities, but may also induce formation of kidney stones ...
Urate oxidase is the first enzyme in a pathway of three enzymes to convert uric acid to S-(+)-allantoin. After uric acid is converted to 5-hydroxyisourate by urate oxidase, 5-hydroxyisourate (HIU) is converted to 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline (OHCU) by HIU hydrolase, and then to S-(+)-allantoin by 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline decarboxylase (OHCU decarboxylase).
During severe liver damage, xanthine oxidase is released into the blood, so a blood assay for XO is a way to determine if liver damage has happened. [14] Because xanthine oxidase is a metabolic pathway for uric acid formation, the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol is used in the treatment of gout.
Christmas factor: 4 × 10 −6: Stuart factor: 5 × 10 −6: Plasma thrmb. anteced. 4 × 10 −6: Hageman factor: 2.9 × 10 −5: Fibrin-stabilizing factor: 1 × 10 −5: Fibrin split products <1 × 10 −5: Fletcher factor: 5 × 10 −5: Fitzgerald factor: 7 × 10 −5: von Willebrand factor: 7 × 10 −6: Cobalamin (Vitamin B 12) Needed for ...
Gout is due to persistently elevated levels of uric acid (urate) in the blood (hyperuricemia). [2] [5] This occurs from a combination of diet, other health problems, and genetic factors. [1] [2] At high levels, uric acid crystallizes and the crystals deposit in joints, tendons, and surrounding tissues, resulting in an attack of gout. [1]
Uric acid has the highest concentration of any blood antioxidant [58] and provides over half of the total antioxidant capacity of human serum. [64] Uric acid's antioxidant activities are also complex, given that it does not react with some oxidants, such as superoxide, but does act against peroxynitrite, [65] peroxides, and hypochlorous acid. [66]
Ammonia (NH 3) diffuses into the blood, circulating to the liver to be neutralized by the urea cycle. (N.b. urea is not the same as uric acid, though both are end products of the purine nucleotide cycle, from ammonia and nucleotides respectively.)