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The term was first used by the American political scientist John Ruggie in 1982. [1] Mainstream scholars generally describe embedded liberalism as involving a compromise between two desirable but partially conflicting objectives. The first objective was to revive free trade.
Ruggie introduced the concepts of international regimes [8] and epistemic communities into the international relations field; he adapted from Karl Polanyi the term "embedded liberalism" to explain the post-World War II international economic order; [9] and he was a major contributor to the emergence of the constructivist approach to ...
John Ruggie's work on embedded liberalism also challenged hegemonic stability theory. He argued that the post- WWII international order was not just held together by material power but through "legitimate social purpose" whereby governments created support for the international order through social policies that alleviated the adverse effects ...
2008 map of world democracies. Embedded democracy is a form of government in which democratic governance is secured by democratic partial regimes. [1] [2] [3] The term "embedded democracy" was coined by political scientists Wolfgang Merkel, Hans-Jürgen Puhle, and Aurel Croissant, who identified "five interdependent partial regimes" necessary for an embedded democracy: electoral regime ...
In international relations (IR), constructivism is a social theory that asserts that significant aspects of international relations are shaped by ideational factors. [1] [2] [3] The most important ideational factors are those that are collectively held; these collectively held beliefs construct the interests and identities of actors.
The double movement is a concept originating with Karl Polanyi in his book The Great Transformation.The phrase refers to the dialectical process of marketization and push for social protection against that marketization.
The debate about liberal international order has grown especially prominent in International Relations. [38] Daniel Deudney and John Ikenberry list five components of this international order: security co-binding, in which great powers demonstrate restraint; the open nature of US hegemony and the dominance of reciprocal transnational relations; the presence of self-limiting powers like Germany ...
Reflectivism is an umbrella label used in International Relations theory for a range of theoretical approaches which oppose rational-choice accounts of social phenomena and positivism generally.