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In nylon, hydrogen bonds between carbonyl and the amide NH effectively link adjacent chains, which gives the material mechanical strength. Hydrogen bonds also affect the aramid fibre, where hydrogen bonds stabilize the linear chains laterally. The chain axes are aligned along the fibre axis, making the fibres extremely stiff and strong.
A hydrogen bond is an extreme form of dipole-dipole bonding, referring to the attraction between a hydrogen atom that is bonded to an element with high electronegativity, usually nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. [4] The hydrogen bond is often described as a strong electrostatic dipole–dipole interaction.
Hydrogen bonds of the form A--H•••B occur when A and B are two highly electronegative atoms (usually N, O or F) such that A forms a highly polar covalent bond with H so that H has a partial positive charge, and B has a lone pair of electrons which is attracted to this partial positive charge and forms a hydrogen bond. [23]: 702 Hydrogen ...
Intermediate kinds of bonding: A solid with extensive hydrogen bonding will be considered a molecular solid, yet strong hydrogen bonds can have a significant degree of covalent character. As noted above, covalent and ionic bonds form a continuum between shared and transferred electrons; covalent and weak bonds form a continuum between shared ...
It remains a matter of some debate whether hydrogen bonding is best classified as a sigma hole interaction, in which the sigma hole lies on the Hydrogen atom, or as a distinct class of interactions. While hydrogen bonds and sigma hole interactions of groups IV-VII both exhibit directional preferences towards linearity, the ability of hydrogen ...
Nucleic acids can only be synthesized in vivo in the 5′-to-3′ direction, as the polymerases that assemble various types of new strands generally rely on the energy produced by breaking nucleoside triphosphate bonds to attach new nucleoside monophosphates to the 3′-hydroxyl (−OH) group, via a phosphodiester bond.
Van der Waals forces include attraction and repulsions between atoms, molecules, as well as other intermolecular forces.They differ from covalent and ionic bonding in that they are caused by correlations in the fluctuating polarizations of nearby particles (a consequence of quantum dynamics [6]).
(b) Four acetic acid molecules in zig-zag hydrogen bonding in 1D. (c) Demonstration of how hydrogen bonding are involved in the crystal lattice structure. A hydrogen bond is a specific dipole where a hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge (δ+) to due a neighboring electronegative atom or functional group.