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Social exclusion or social marginalisation is the social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of society. It is a term that has been used widely in Europe and was first used in France in the late 20th century. [ 1 ]
Social oppression derives from power dynamics and imbalances related to the social location of a group or individual. Social location , as defined by Lynn Weber, is "an individual's or a group's social 'place' in the race, class, gender and sexuality hierarchies, as well as in other critical social hierarchies such as age, ethnicity, and nation".
The US government uses a variety of discount rates but something around 7% is what the US Office of Management and Budget (OMB) recommends for a pretax rate of return on private investments. [2] In the United Kingdom , HM Treasury fixes the social discount rate for the public sector at 3.5%.
Social inequality usually implies the lack of equality of outcome, but may alternatively be conceptualized as a lack of equality in access to opportunity. [1] Social inequality is linked to economic inequality, usually described as the basis of the unequal distribution of income or wealth.
Societal racism is a type of racism based on a set of institutional, historical, cultural and interpersonal practices within a society that places one or more social or ethnic groups in a better position to succeed and disadvantages other groups so that disparities develop between the groups. [1]
Social protection is an expensive and difficult endeavor, by any means; the question remains how best to implement programs that effectively aid the people who need it the most. Currently, there are a number of mechanisms that provide social protection in various nations. These policies and instruments vary according to country context.
This is seen in the attempts to integrate marginalized groups and individuals within the communities, thereby shifting the source of welfare from the government to the community: this is exemplified by the 'active aging' policies which aim to improve the agency and self-determination of older individuals.
Social deprivation is the reduction or prevention of culturally normal interaction between an individual and the rest of society. This social deprivation is included in a broad network of correlated factors that contribute to social exclusion; these factors include mental illness, poverty, poor education, and low socioeconomic status, norms and values.