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Sail components include the features that define a sail's shape and function, plus its constituent parts from which it is manufactured. A sail may be classified in a variety of ways, including by its orientation to the vessel (e.g. fore-and-aft ) and its shape, (e.g. (a)symmetrical , triangular , quadrilateral , etc.).
A warship propelled by oars with a sail for use in a favourable wind Galliot Name refers to several types of sailing vessel, usually two-masted Gunboat Various small armed vessels, originally sail and later powered Hydrofoil A ship whose hull is fitted underneath with shaped vanes (foils) which lift the hull out of the water at speed. Ironclad
Defined by sail plan. All masts have fore-and-aft sails. Schooner: fore-and-aft rigged sails, with two or more masts, the aftermost mast taller or equal to the height of the forward mast(s) All masts have square sails. Brig: two masts, square rigged (may have a spanker on the aftermost) Full-rigged ship: three or more masts, all of them square ...
The Chinese were using square sails during the Han dynasty and adopted the Austronesian junk sail later in the 12th century. [31]: 20–21 Iconographic remains show that Chinese ships before the 12th century used square sails, and the junk rig of Chinese ships is believed to be developed from tilted sails. [38]: 612–613
Sails may be made from a combination of woven materials—including canvas or polyester cloth, laminated membranes or bonded filaments, usually in a three- or four-sided shape. A sail provides propulsive force via a combination of lift and drag, depending on its angle of attack, its angle with respect to the apparent wind. Apparent wind is the ...
In the rare case, the cross-jack yard did carry a square sail, that sail would be called the cross-jack rather than the mizzen course. The full set of sails, in order from bottom to top, are: Course sail; Topsail, or Lower topsail, if fitted. Upper topsail, if fitted. Topgallant sail, or Lower topgallant sail, if fitted. Upper topgallant sail ...
A lug sail is an asymmetric quadrilateral sail suspended on a spar and hoisted up the mast as a fore-and-aft sail. A mizzen sail is a small triangular or quadrilateral sail at the stern of a boat. A steadying sail is a mizzen sail on motor vessels such as old-fashioned drifters and navy ships (such as HMS Prince Albert ).
Lift on a sail, acting as an airfoil, occurs in a direction perpendicular to the incident airstream (the apparent wind velocity for the headsail) and is a result of pressure differences between the windward and leeward surfaces and depends on the angle of attack, sail shape, air density, and speed of the apparent wind.