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Bottle of ephedrine, an alkaloid found in ephedra. Ephedra is a medicinal preparation from the plant Ephedra sinica. [1] [a] Several additional species belonging to the genus Ephedra have traditionally been used for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a possible candidate for the soma plant of Indo-Iranian religion. [3]
Ephedrine works by inducing the release of norepinephrine and hence indirectly activating the α-and β-adrenergic receptors. [11] Chemically, ephedrine is a substituted amphetamine and is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of β-hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine. [14] Ephedrine was first isolated in 1885 and came into commercial use in 1926.
Guaifenesin might act as an expectorant by increasing the volume and reducing the viscosity of secretions in the trachea and bronchi via stimulation of the gastric mucosa. . This stimulation leads to an increased parasympathetic activity in the respiratory tract via the so-called gastro-pulmonary reflex, although some in vitro studies suggested that it might also act directly on the ...
[3] [4] [5] However, at high dose, it may lead to cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, seizures or other serious cardiovascular and/or central nervous system adverse effects. [6] [7] [8] Tedral is contraindicated in individuals with hypersensitivity to theophylline, ephedrine and/or phenobarbital.
Guaifenesin is an oral medication used to try to help cough out phlegm from the airways. [1] It is often used in combination with other medications. [1] It is believed to work by making airway secretions more liquid. [1] Side effects may include dizziness, sleepiness, skin rash, and nausea. [2] Guaifenesin has been used medically since at least ...
Examples are ephedrine, phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine, and oxymetazoline. Fever or pain medication. Examples are paracetamol (acetaminophen) and NSAIDs such as ibuprofen or naproxen. Also employed are various substances supposed to soften the coughing, like honey or supplement syrup. An example combination is guaifenesin with codeine.
Guaifenesin/codeine is a fixed-dose combination cold medicine used for the treatment of cough. [1] It contains guaifenesin, an expectorant; and codeine, as the phosphate, an opioid antitussive. [1] It is taken by mouth. [1] It was approved for medical use in the United States in 2006. [1]
Conversely, ephedrine is the enantiopure (1R,2S)-enantiomer. [1] Racephedrine has been marketed for medical use in Italy . [ 1 ] Like ephedrine, racephedrine is a releasing agent of norepinephrine and to a much lesser extent of dopamine .
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