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Data from 1971 to 1991–92 are based on official exchange rates. Data from 1992 to 1993 onward are based on FEDAI (Foreign Exchange Dealers' Association of India) indicative rates. Data from 1971 to 1972–73 for the Deutsche Mark and the Japanese Yen are cross rates with the US Dollar. The Euro replaced the Deutsche Mark w.e.f. January 1, 1999.
A currency conversion service was offered in 1996 and commercialized by a number of companies including Monex Financial Services [7] and Fexco. [8]Prior to the card schemes (Visa and MasterCard) imposing rules relating to DCC, cardholder transactions were converted without the need to disclose that the transaction was being converted into a customer's home currency, in a process known as "back ...
India's foreign exchange reserves consists of its holdings in major currencies such as the U.S. dollar, euro, and yen. India also holds a significant amount of gold, which serves as a hedge against inflation and currency depreciation. Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) allocated by the IMF, these can be used to supplement reserves.
The first currency (XXX) is the base currency that is quoted relative to the second currency (YYY), called the counter currency (or quote currency). For instance, the quotation EURUSD (EUR/USD) 1.5465 is the price of the Euro expressed in US dollars, meaning 1 euro = 1.5465 dollars.
Without a central exchange, currency exchange rates are made, or set, by market makers. [1] Banks constantly quote a bid and an ask price based on anticipated currency movements taking place [clarification needed] and thereby make the market. Major banks handle very large forex transactions, often in billions of units. [1]
For example, in a conversion from EUR to AUD, EUR is the fixed currency, AUD is the variable currency and the exchange rate indicates how many Australian dollars would be paid or received for 1 euro. In some areas of Europe and in the retail market in the United Kingdom , EUR and GBP are reversed so that GBP is quoted as the fixed currency to ...
The exchange rate at which the transaction is done is called the spot exchange rate. As of 2010, the average daily turnover of global FX spot transactions reached nearly US$1.5 trillion, counting 37.4% of all foreign exchange transactions. [ 1 ]
In 1990, forex reserves covered just 4.8 weeks of imports [14] Foreign exchange reserves of India reached milestone of $100 billion mark only in 2004. India was forced to sell dollars to the extent of close to US$35 billion in the spot markets in Financial Year 2009 due to 22% depreciation in rupee (against the dollar) in the same fiscal year 2009.