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Polished concrete may be considered a form of sustainable design flooring, if less material is used than in comparable types of flooring. [citation needed] Polished concrete floors have the following advantages: low-maintenance [7] – polished concrete is easily maintained with the use of clean water or a neutral pH cleaner. The application of ...
Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, [1] and is the most widely used building material. [2] Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminium combined. [3]
Between 2006 and 2009, the tower underwent an £E15 million restoration project by the Egyptian Arab Contractors Company. The restoration and repair process cost about 15 million pounds, which included treating and restoring the tower's concrete and adding 3 floors of metal structures at the bottom of the tower inlaid with the body, and another floor above the entrance.
Concrete has a total embodied energy of 1.69 GJ/tonne, lower per unit mass than most common building materials besides wood. However, concrete structures often have high masses, so this comparison is not always directly relevant to decision making. Additionally, this value is based only on mix proportions of up to 20% fly ash.
In 1952 Egypt’s private sector accounted for 76 percent of economic investment. Following the nationalization plans carried out by President Gamal Abdel Nasser in the effort to build a post-independence socialist state, this percentage drastically shifted within a few decades to government investment accounting for over 80 percent of economic investment. [1]
Unlike air-entrained concrete, which introduces tiny air bubbles through an admixture during mixing, foam concrete replaces coarse aggregates with these air bubbles, resulting in a significant difference in density, with foam concrete typically ranging from 400 kg/m3 to 1600 kg/m3, whereas air-entrained concrete maintains its density.
RAAC was used in roof, floor and wall construction due to its lighter weight and lower cost compared to traditional concrete, [29] and fire resistance properties; it does not require plastering to achieve fire resistance and fire does not cause spalls. [30] RAAC was used in construction in Europe, in buildings constructed after the mid-1950s.
Additionally, the electric grinding machine and mechanization of the production process cut down on costs and installation time, making terrazzo an affordable flooring option. Art Deco and Moderne styles from the 1920s to 1940s favored terrazzo with the dividers allowing for straight or curved lines that increased the decorative potential. [ 4 ]
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