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  2. Protein catabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_catabolism

    In molecular biology, protein catabolism is the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides and ultimately into amino acids. Protein catabolism is a key function of digestion process. Protein catabolism often begins with pepsin , which converts proteins into polypeptides.

  3. Anabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolism

    Schematic diagram showing anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism (/ ə ˈ n æ b ə l ɪ z ə m /) is the set of metabolic pathways that construct macromolecules like DNA or RNA from smaller units. [1] [2] These reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process. [3] Anabolism is the building-up aspect of metabolism, whereas catabolism is

  4. Metabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

    Metabolism (/ m ə ˈ t æ b ə l ɪ z ə m /, from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.The three main functions of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cellular processes; the conversion of food to building blocks of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and the ...

  5. Catabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catabolism

    Catabolism, therefore, provides the chemical energy necessary for the maintenance and growth of cells. Examples of catabolic processes include glycolysis , the citric acid cycle , the breakdown of muscle protein in order to use amino acids as substrates for gluconeogenesis , the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue to fatty acids , and oxidative ...

  6. Fatty acid metabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism

    Put another way, if the human body relied on carbohydrates to store energy, then a person would need to carry 31 kg (67.5 lb) of hydrated glycogen to have the energy equivalent to 4.6 kg (10 lb) of fat. [10] Hibernating animals provide a good example for utilization of fat reserves as fuel. For example, bears hibernate for about 7 months, and ...

  7. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate_di...

    HPPD is an enzyme that usually bonds to form tetramers in bacteria and dimers in eukaryotes and has a subunit mass of 40-50 kDa. [7] [8] [9] Dividing the enzyme into the N-terminus and C-terminus one will notice that the N-terminus varies in composition while the C-terminus remains relatively constant [10] (the C-terminus in plants does differ slightly from the C-terminus in other beings).

  8. Cometabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometabolism

    This is in contrast to simultaneous catabolism, where each substrate is catabolized concomitantly by different enzymes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Cometabolism occurs when an enzyme produced by an organism to catalyze the degradation of its growth-substrate to derive energy and carbon from it is also capable of degrading additional compounds.

  9. Adenosine diphosphate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate

    The ten-step catabolic pathway of glycolysis is the initial phase of free-energy release in the breakdown of glucose and can be split into two phases, the preparatory phase and payoff phase. ADP and phosphate are needed as precursors to synthesize ATP in the payoff reactions of the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation mechanism. [ 4 ]