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Example for a trait under positive selection. The Price equation shows that a change in the average amount of a trait in a population from one generation to the next is determined by the covariance between the amounts of the trait for subpopulation and the fitnesses of the subpopulations, together with the expected change in the amount of the trait value due to fitness, namely ():
In biology, the biological cost or metabolic price is a measure of the increased energy metabolism that is required to achieve a function. Drug resistance in microbiology, for instance, has a very high metabolic price, [ 1 ] especially for antibiotic resistance .
In life history theory, the cost of reproduction hypothesis is the idea that reproduction is costly in terms of future survival and reproduction. This is mediated by various mechanisms, with the two most prominent being hormonal regulation and differential allocation of internal resources.
To construct an optimality model, the behavior must first be clearly defined. Then, descriptions of how the costs and benefits vary with the way the behavior is performed must be obtained. [1] Examples of benefits and costs include direct fitness measures like offspring produced, change in lifespan, time spent or gained, or energy spent and gained.
Frank, S.A. (1995). George Price's contributions to Evolutionary Genetics. Journal of Theoretical Biology 175: 373-388 abstract - full text, pdf 412 KB (both from Steven A. Frank's Home Page) Frank, S.A. (1997). The Price Equation, Fisher's fundamental theorem, kin selection, and causal analysis. Evolution 51:1712–1729 full text, pdf 551 KB
Given that the resource is given the value V, the damage from losing a fight is given cost C: [1] If a hawk meets a dove, the hawk gets the full resource V; If a hawk meets a hawk, half the time they win, half the time they lose, so the average outcome is then V/2 minus C/2; If a dove meets a hawk, the dove will back off and get nothing – 0
An economic variable can be exogenous in some models and endogenous in others. In particular this can happen when one model also serves as a component of a broader model.
In economics, the cost-of-production theory of value is the theory that the price of an object or condition is determined by the sum of the cost of the resources that went into making it. The cost can comprise any of the factors of production (including labor, capital, or land) and taxation .