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The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) is a measure of masculinity and femininity, and is used to research gender roles. [1] It assesses how people identify themselves psychologically . Sandra Bem 's goal of the BSRI was to examine psychological androgyny and provide empirical evidence to show the advantage of a shared masculine and feminine ...
Masculinity is seen as an entity to be protected, and when a man feels disempowered, he finds other ways to reaffirm their masculinity. [149] Research that examines the struggles among men and look into their personal experiences can help to understand the social structures of masculinity. [150]
Future IOC president Avery Brundage requested, during or shortly after the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, that a system be established to examine female athletes.According to a Time magazine article about intersex people, Brundage felt the need to clarify "sex ambiguities" after observing the performance of Czechoslovak runner and jumper Zdeňka Koubková and English shotputter and javelin ...
Female sports, expressing the concepts of femininity, are often characterised with flexibility and balance, such as gymnastics or aesthetic sports like dance. Conversely, male sports constitute the idea of masculinity, which is portrayed through strength, speed, aggression and power, such as in football and basketball. [187] [188] [189]
Gender-based characteristics associated with masculinity and femininity can become the deciding factor for individuals in terms of their potential sports participation, but can also affect organizing sporting bodies where this has been held as a justifiable dismissal of sports equity for female participants.
Sandra Ruth Lipsitz Bem (June 22, 1944 – May 20, 2014) was an American psychologist known for her works in androgyny and gender studies.Her pioneering work on gender roles, gender polarization [1] [2] and gender stereotypes led directly to more equal employment opportunities for women in the United States.
Norma: International Journal for Masculinity Studies is a quarterly academic journal in the field of masculinity studies, published by Routledge.It was established in 2006 as the Nordic Journal for Masculinity Studies, a joint effort of the masculinities studies research communities in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.
Sex-typed individuals process and integrate information that is in line with their gender. Their femininity and masculinity scores are above the median on the sex-congruent scale and below the median on the sex-incongruent scale. Cross-sex-typed individuals process and integrate information that is in line with the opposite gender.