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For groups (i.e., trauma centers) to be effective in damage control surgery, a multi-disciplinary team is critical. The approach to caring for such critically ill patients is dependent on nurses, surgeons, critical care physicians, operating room staff, blood bank personnel, and administrative support.
A medical triad is a group of three signs or symptoms, the result of injury to three organs, which characterise a specific medical condition. The appearance of all three signs conjoined together in another patient, points to that the patient has the same medical condition, or diagnosis.
The trauma triad of death is a medical term describing the combination of hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy. [1] This combination is commonly seen in patients who have sustained severe traumatic injuries and results in a significant rise in the mortality rate . [ 2 ]
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Hypothermia is associated with many problems including a bleeding disorder, organ failure, and hypotension, and is one of the three components in the "Triad of Death" that is feared by all trauma specialists. The crystalloid fluid used in initial resuscitative efforts does not contain any clotting factors or erythrocytes (red blood cells).
A classic finding of cardiac tamponade is Beck's triad. The triad includes hypotension, jugular vein distension, and muffled heart sounds. Kussmaul's sign and pulsus paradoxus may also be seen. [10] Low-voltage QRS complexes and electrical alternans are signs on EKG. However, EKG may not show these findings and most often shows tachycardia. [11]
It is now understood that death is a series of physical events, not a single one, and determination of permanent death is dependent on other factors beyond simple cessation of breathing and heartbeat. [11] Clinical death that occurs unexpectedly is treated as a medical emergency. CPR is initiated.
AACN Advanced Critical Care is a peer-reviewed nursing journal and an official publication of the American Association of Critical Care Nurses. It is intended for "experienced critical care and acute care clinicians at the bedside, advanced practice nurses , and clinical and academic educators ."