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An explosive with a negative oxygen balance will lead to incomplete combustion, which commonly produces carbon monoxide, which is a toxic gas. Explosives with negative or positive oxygen balance are commonly mixed with other energetic materials that are either oxygen positive or negative, respectively, to increase the explosive's power.
Oxygen balance is an expression that is used to indicate the degree to which an explosive can be oxidized. If an explosive molecule contains just enough oxygen to convert all of its carbon to carbon dioxide, all of its hydrogen to water, and all of its metal to metal oxide with no excess, the molecule is said to have a zero oxygen balance.
4,4’-Dinitro-3,3’-diazenofuroxan (DDF) is a powerful experimental high explosive, with performance comparable to that of other high-density high-explosives such as octanitrocubane. It is synthesised by oxidative coupling of 4-amino-3-(azidocarbonyl) furoxan followed by Curtius rearrangement and further oxidation.
The chemistry of ANFO detonation is the reaction of ammonium nitrate with a long-chain alkane (C n H 2n+2) to form nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and steam.In an ideal stoichiometrically balanced reaction, ANFO is composed of about 94.5% AN and 5.5% FO by weight.
In spark detonators, PETN is used to avoid the need for primary explosives; the energy needed for a successful direct initiation of PETN by an electric spark ranges between 10–60 mJ. Its basic explosion characteristics are: Explosion energy: 5810 kJ/kg (1390 kcal/kg), so 1 kg of PETN has the energy of 1.24 kg TNT.
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PHOTO: Elon Musk speaks as U.S. President Donald Trump reacts in the Oval Office of the White House in Washington, Feb. 11, 2025. (Kevin Lamarque/Reuters)
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s confirmation hearing on Wednesday to lead the Department of Health and Human Services saw senators question the environmental lawyer about his views on vaccines, abortion ...