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The Coordinadora Democrática, led by the business federation Fedecámaras and the trade union federation Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela (CTV), called for a fourth paro cívico, which turned out to be the most serious, and is known as the 2002–2003 oil strike, to begin on 2 December 2002.
Venezuela also has 150 trillion cubic feet (4.2 × 10 12 m 3) of natural gas reserves. The crude oil PDVSA extracts from the Orinoco is refined into a fuel eponymously named 'Orimulsion'. [12] PDVSA has a production capacity, including the strategic associations and operating agreements, of 4 million barrels (640,000 m 3) per day (600,000 m 3).
[3] [4] In February 2005, after a PDVSA subsidiary had taken a stake in the joint venture, the project again received approval. [3] ConocoPhillips was the operator of the field and owned 32.5% of the project, with PDVSA through subsidiary CVP holding 35%, Italian company Eni holding 26% and Taiwanese company CPC Corporation holding 6.5%. [2] [4]
The pipeline would pump gas from Colombia to Venezuela and, after 7 years, from Venezuela to Colombia. [15] Venezuela has also proposed the project of Gran Gasoducto del Sur, which would connect Venezuela with Brazil and Argentina. [16] There has been some discussion about constructing an oil pipeline to Colombia along the Pacific Ocean. [7]
In 1982, T. Boone Pickens, founder of Mesa Petroleum, offered to buy Cities Service Company.Citgo responded by offering to buy Mesa, [12] which was the first use of what became known as the Pac-Man take-over defense; i.e., a counter-tender offer initiated by a takeover target.
Hovensa ultimately restarted the refinery in January 2021 after almost a decade offline. During a gas flare incident in May 2021, oil droplets emitted from a smokestack rained down on nearby houses, fouling rainwater collection systems. [11] Residents across the island reported feeling nauseous and ill from the release of fumes. [12]
Rafael Darío Ramírez Carreño (born August 4, 1963) is a Venezuelan engineer, politician, and diplomat.He joined the board of Venezuelan state-owned petroleum company PDVSA in 2002 and served as company president from 2004 to 2014.
Gasoline direct injection (GDI), also known as petrol direct injection (PDI), [1] is a mixture formation system for internal combustion engines that run on gasoline (petrol), where fuel is injected into the combustion chamber.