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In mathematics, the definite integral ∫ a b f ( x ) d x {\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx} is the area of the region in the xy -plane bounded by the graph of f , the x -axis, and the lines x = a and x = b , such that area above the x -axis adds to the total, and that below the x -axis subtracts from the total.
Integrals also refer to the concept of an antiderivative, a function whose derivative is the given function; in this case, they are also called indefinite integrals. The fundamental theorem of calculus relates definite integration to differentiation and provides a method to compute the definite integral of a function when its antiderivative is ...
List of integrals of exponential functions; List of integrals of logarithmic functions; List of integrals of Gaussian functions; Gradshteyn, Ryzhik, Geronimus, Tseytlin, Jeffrey, Zwillinger, and Moll's (GR) Table of Integrals, Series, and Products contains a large collection of results. An even larger, multivolume table is the Integrals and ...
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In 1995, Alan Jeffrey published his Handbook of Mathematical Formulas and Integrals. [22] It was partially based on the fifth English edition of Gradshteyn and Ryzhik's Table of Integrals, Series, and Products and meant as an companion, but written to be more accessible for students and practitioners. [22] It went through four editions up to 2008.
It is assumed that the value of a function f defined on [,] is known at + equally spaced points: < < <.There are two classes of Newton–Cotes quadrature: they are called "closed" when = and =, i.e. they use the function values at the interval endpoints, and "open" when > and <, i.e. they do not use the function values at the endpoints.
The resulting integrands are of the same form as the original integrand, so these reduction formulas can be repeatedly applied to drive the exponents m and p toward 0. These reduction formulas can be used for integrands having integer and/or fractional exponents.
To compute the integral, we set n to its value and use the reduction formula to express it in terms of the (n – 1) or (n – 2) integral. The lower index integral can be used to calculate the higher index ones; the process is continued repeatedly until we reach a point where the function to be integrated can be computed, usually when its index is 0 or 1.