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In the process of encoding, the sender (i.e. encoder) uses verbal (e.g. words, signs, images, video) and non-verbal (e.g. body language, hand gestures, face expressions) symbols for which he or she believes the receiver (that is, the decoder) will understand. The symbols can be words and numbers, images, face expressions, signals and/or actions.
Speech coding is an application of data compression to digital audio signals containing speech. Speech coding uses speech-specific parameter estimation using audio signal processing techniques to model the speech signal, combined with generic data compression algorithms to represent the resulting modeled parameters in a compact bitstream. [1]
Code-excited linear prediction (CELP) is a linear predictive speech coding algorithm originally proposed by Manfred R. Schroeder and Bishnu S. Atal in 1985. At the time, it provided significantly better quality than existing low bit-rate algorithms, such as residual-excited linear prediction (RELP) and linear predictive coding (LPC) vocoders (e.g., FS-1015).
Linear predictive coding (LPC) is a method used mostly in audio signal processing and speech processing for representing the spectral envelope of a digital signal of speech in compressed form, using the information of a linear predictive model. [1] [2] LPC is the most widely used method in speech coding and speech synthesis.
In June 2018, Google proposed to use pre-trained speaker verification models as speaker encoders to extract speaker embeddings. [14] The speaker encoders then become part of the neural text-to-speech models, so that it can determine the style and characteristics of the output speech.
When we speak of English as a foreign language (EFL), we are referring to the role of English for learners in a country where English is not spoken by the majority (what Braj Kachru calls the expanding circle). English as a second language (ESL) refers to the role of English for learners in an English-speaking country, i.e. usually immigrants ...
The channel is the means used to send the message. The receiver is the audience for whom the message is intended. They have to decode it to understand it. [4] [30] Despite the emphasis on only four basic components, Berlo initially identifies a total of six components. The two additional components are encoder and decoder. [31]
The speech encoder accepts 13 bit linear PCM at an 8 kHz sample rate. This can be direct from an analog-to-digital converter in a phone or computer, or converted from G.711 8-bit nonlinear A-law or μ-law PCM from the PSTN with a lookup table. In GSM, the encoded speech is passed to the channel encoder specified in GSM 05.03.