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Candidate of Sciences (Candidatus scientiarum – CSc., replaced by common Ph.D. in the Czech Republic in 1998 and by PhD. in Slovakia in 1996) Doctor of philosophy (Philosophiae doctor – Ph.D. or PhD., awarded since 1998 and 1996, respectively; requires at least 3–5-year doctoral study and coursework of 120-180 Credits)
This is a list of countries by the number of PhD degrees awarded in 2014 as per data available with the OECD. [1] * indicates "Research in COUNTRY or TERRITORY" or "Universities in COUNTRY or TERRITORY" links.
Scientist I: After second Post Doc (1 or 2 years work after PhD/Dr), equal Senior Assistant or Senior Associate. Senior Scientist I: after PhD (US, UK....) or Doctoral dissertation/thesis (France, Germany, Russia...) and some years of *Post-Doc, equal of Assoc. Prof. Senior Scientist II: after Habilitation, equal to Professor; Full Professor
This kind of position is sometimes used as a "bridge" at the end of a PhD, if the candidate is not able to complete their dissertation in three years and needs an extension. Doctorant contractuel (Contractual PhD candidate): PhD candidates who have obtained a specific type of grant to fund their PhD. This grant is a 3-years position (non ...
Habilitation is the highest university degree, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in Germany, France, Italy, Poland and some other European and non-English-speaking countries. The candidate fulfills a university's set criteria of excellence in research, teaching, and further education, which usually includes a dissertation.
Academic grading in France is structured and rigorous, with a focus on assessment through written exams and a set of standardized scales for measuring student achievement. Since 1890, the French baccalauréat exam, required to receive a high school diploma, has traditionally scored students on a scale (Barème) of 0-20, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] as do ...
To be admitted as a doctoral student, one must usually hold a Master's degree in engineering or related science subject and pass a comprehensive entrance exam. The student must complete the necessary required course work, be taught examinable courses, perform independent research under the supervision of a qualified doctoral advisor, and pass the thesis defense.
Le Figaro's ranking uses eight different criteria, including selectivity on the Parcoursup national platform, the proportion of stable jobs, the median net monthly salary after a master's degree in law, and the number of university PhDs admitted to the agrégation competitive examination in law. [10]