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Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
A delicate balance of hormones during pregnancy is regarded as being highly relevant to fetal programming and may significantly influence the outcome on the offspring. [6] Placental endocrine transfer from the mother to the developing fetus could be altered by the mental state of the mother, due to affected glucocorticoid transfer that takes ...
Unlike differences in DNA methylation, changes in miRNA activity induced by cigarette smoke are largely unknown. [1] Primary research data suggests that cigarette smoke promotes the dysregulation of a number of miRNA's. One such study showed that cigarette smoke downregulates miR-16, miR-21, and miR-146a in the placenta. [6]
A study that focused on pregnant women in a few Latin American and African countries, India and Pakistan showed that "[w]omen in Latin America had the highest level of tobacco use." [ 56 ] The probability of living with a tobacco user was also high in Latin America but highest in Asia. [ 56 ]
The health effects of tobacco had been debated by users, medical experts, and governments alike since its introduction to European culture. [1] Hard evidence for the ill effects of smoking became apparent with the results of several long-term studies conducted in the early to middle twentieth century, such as the epidemiology studies of Richard Doll and pathology studies of Oscar Auerbach.
In one study, BTEX (Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy has been clearly indicating negative association with biparietal brain diameter between 20 and 32 weeks of pregnancy. Women with high exposure to toluene had three to five times the miscarriage rate of those with low exposure, and women ...
Common adverse effects of tobacco smoking. The more common effects are in boldface. [87] Cancer prevention poster from New Zealand. Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable death and a global public health concern. [88] There are 1.3 billion tobacco users in the world, as per latest data from WHO. [17]
Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke causes many of the same health effects caused by active smoking, [1] [2] although at a lower prevalence due to the reduced concentration of smoke that enters the airway. According to a WHO report published in 2023, more than 1.3 million deaths are attributed to passive smoking worldwide every year. [3]