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Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
One of the most prominent and well studied epigenetic consequences of cigarette smoke is altered DNA methylation. Cigarette smoke acts through a number of mechanisms to effect this, chief among these being smoke-induced damage to the DNA and altered expression levels of proteins involved in DNA methylation and transcriptional regulation.
A delicate balance of hormones during pregnancy is regarded as being highly relevant to fetal programming and may significantly influence the outcome on the offspring. [6] Placental endocrine transfer from the mother to the developing fetus could be altered by the mental state of the mother, due to affected glucocorticoid transfer that takes ...
"In 2008, smoking prevalence was higher among men (23%) than women (18.3%)"; [35] however that gender gap appears to be narrowing. Prior to recent increasing smoking rates, women usually experienced different effects of smoking compared to men. For instance, a decrease in lifetime expectancy is greater for female smokers compared to male smokers.
The recommendation came from a study conducted by the British Medical Research Council (MRC) Vitamin Study Group from July 1983 to April 1991 involving 33 centers (17 of which in the UK and the remaining 16 in 6 different countries) that compared pregnancy outcomes of folic acid and other vitamins interventions with placebo. That study found a ...
Originally known as The Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort, the Raine Study was established in 1989 to determine how events during pregnancy and childhood influence health in later life. 2,900 pregnant women (Gen1) entered the study and 2,868 live births (index participants = Gen2) were recruited into the Raine Study cohort between 1989 and ...
Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act; Long title: To protect the public health by providing the Food and Drug Administration with certain authority to regulate tobacco products, to amend title 5, United States Code, to make certain modifications in the Thrift Savings Plan, the Civil Service Retirement System, and the Federal Employees’ Retirement System, and for other purposes.
This study was a retrospective, case-control study that compared smoking habits of 684 individuals with bronchogenic carcinoma to those without the condition. [12] The survey included questions about smoking: starting age, 20 year tobacco consumption, brands used; as well as inquires about exposure to hazardous agents in the workplace, alcohol use, and causes of death for family members.