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Bronchiolitis typically affects infants and children younger than two years, principally during the autumn and winter. [15] It is the leading cause of hospital admission for respiratory disease among infants in the United States and accounts for one out of every 13 primary care visits. [8]
Bronchiolitis obliterans results in worsening shortness of breath, wheezing, and a dry cough.The symptoms can start gradually, or severe symptoms can occur suddenly. [9] [10] These symptoms represent an obstructive pattern that is non-reversible with bronchodilator therapy, and need to be related to various lung insults. [11]
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Betacoronavirus hongkonense [1] ( commonly called Human coronavirus HKU1 abbreviated as HCoV-HKU1) is a species of coronavirus in humans and animals. It causes an upper respiratory disease with symptoms of the common cold, but can advance to pneumonia and bronchiolitis. [2]
Worldwide, RSV is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and children under the age of 5. The risk of serious infection is highest during the first 6 months of life. Of those infected with RSV, 2–3% will develop bronchiolitis, necessitating hospitalization. [70]
Preschool children with adenovirus colds tend to present with a nasal congestion, runny nose and abdominal pain. [2] There may be a harsh barking cough. [2] It is frequently associated with a fever and a sore throat. [2] Up to one in five infants with bronchiolitis will have adenovirus infection, which can be severe. [2]
For children younger than 15 years old, nasopharyngel catheters or nasal prongs are recommended over a face mask or head box. [26] A Cochrane review in 2014 presented a summary to identify children complaining of severe LRTI, however; further research is required to determine the effectiveness of supplemental oxygen and the best delivery method.
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), formerly known as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), is an inflammation of the bronchioles (bronchiolitis) and surrounding tissue in the lungs. [2] [3] It is a form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. [4]