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French orthography encompasses the spelling and punctuation of the French language.It is based on a combination of phonemic and historical principles. The spelling of words is largely based on the pronunciation of Old French c. 1100 –1200 AD, and has stayed more or less the same since then, despite enormous changes to the pronunciation of the language in the intervening years.
Spelling and punctuation before the 16th century was highly erratic, but the introduction of printing in 1470 provoked the need for uniformity.. Several Renaissance humanists (working with publishers) proposed reforms in French orthography, the most famous being Jacques Peletier du Mans who developed a phonemic-based spelling system and introduced new typographic signs (1550).
French: Coulon de Thévenot Shorthand [17] 1776: Jean Coulon de Thévenot: French: Current Shorthand [18] 1892: Henry Sweet: English: Cursive Shorthand [19] 1889: Hugh Longbourne Callendar: English: Dacomb Shorthand [20] 1934: Beatrice Eliza Dacomb: English: Dement's Aristography [21] 1896: Isaac Strange Dement: Deutsche Einheitskurzschrift [22 ...
Chateaubriand – translator of Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost into French prose; Joséphine Colomb – translator from Italian; Marie De Cotteblanche (c. 1520 – c. 1584) – French noble woman known for her skill in languages and translation of works from Spanish to French
The International Phonetic Alphabet is occasionally modified by the Association. After each modification, the Association provides an updated simplified presentation of the alphabet in the form of a chart. (See History of the IPA.) Not all aspects of the alphabet can be accommodated in a chart of the size published by the IPA.
Italian Braille is identical to the French apart from doubling up French Braille ò to Italian ó and ò, since French has no ó. Indeed, a principal difference of these alphabets is the remapping of French vowels with a grave accent ( à è ì ò ù ) to an acute accent ( á é í ó ú ), as the French alphabet does not support acute accents ...
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When editors themselves translate text into English, care must always be taken to include the original text, in italics (except for non-Latin-based writing systems, and best done with the {} template which both italicizes as appropriate and provides language metadata); and to use actual and (if at all possible) common English words in the ...