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Different colors of bromothymol blue at marked pH conditions. Bromothymol blue may be used for observing photosynthetic activities, or as a respiratory indicator (turns yellow as CO 2 is added). [7] [8] A common demonstration of BTB's pH indicator properties involves exhaling through a tube into a neutral solution of BTB.
Elodea is a genus of eight species of aquatic plants often called the waterweeds described as a genus in 1803. Classified in the frog's-bit family ( Hydrocharitaceae ), Elodea is native to the Americas [ 1 ] and is also widely used as aquarium vegetation and laboratory demonstrations of cellular activities.
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The photosynthetic efficiency (i.e. oxygenic photosynthesis efficiency) is the fraction of light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis in green plants and algae. Photosynthesis can be described by the simplified chemical reaction 6 H 2 O + 6 CO 2 + energy → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2
The standards used include potassium dichromate (isosbestic points at 339 and 445 nm), bromothymol blue (325 and 498 nm) and congo red (541 nm). The wavelength of the isosbestic point determined does not depend on the concentration of the substance used, and so it becomes a very reliable reference.
The Sigma-Aldrich catalog lists the pKa value of 7.10 as approximate. (The quoted description from the online catalog is: Bromothymol Blue (BTB) is a pH indicator (pKa approx. 7.1) that is used as a biological slide vital stain to define cell walls or nuclei under the microscope.
Chlorophyll a is the most common of the six, present in every plant that performs photosynthesis. Each pigment absorbs light more efficiently in a different part of the electromagnetic spectrum . Chlorophyll a absorbs well in the ranges of 400–450 nm and at 650–700 nm; chlorophyll b at 450–500 nm and at 600–650 nm.
In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen (O 2) as a by-product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis, various electron donors are used. Cytochrome b 6 f and ATP synthase work together to produce ATP (photophosphorylation) in two distinct ways.