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In business telephony, a telephone extension may refer to a phone on an internal telephone line attached to a private branch exchange (PBX) or Centrex system. The PBX operates much as a community switchboard does for a geographic telephone numbering plan and allows multiple lines inside the office to connect without each phone requiring a ...
The SMCR model influenced the development of later models, often in the form of extensions to it. Marshall McLuhan extended the SMCR model by including interpretation as one of the steps of the receiver. [4] Gerhard Maletzke applied the SMCR model to mass communication in his 1978 book The Psychology of Mass Communication.
Despite being widely seen as a model of communication, not everyone agrees that this is an accurate characterization. [2] A model of communication is a simplified presentation that aims to give a basic explanation of the process by highlighting its most fundamental characteristics and components.
Berlo's model includes a detailed discussion of the four main components of communication and their different aspects. [141] [142] Berlo's model is a linear transmission model of communication. It was published by David Berlo in 1960 and was influenced by earlier models, such as the Shannon–Weaver model and Schramm's model.
A duplex communication system is a point-to-point system composed of two or more connected parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both directions. Duplex systems are employed in many communications networks, either to allow for simultaneous communication in both directions between two connected parties or to provide a reverse path for the monitoring and remote adjustment ...
Hall's model does not differentiate the various positions media producers may take in relation to the dominant ideology. Instead, it assumes that encoding always takes place within a dominant-hegemonic position. [14] Ross [14] suggests two ways to modify Hall's typology of the Encoding/Decoding Model by expanding the original version. [3]
Media richness theory (MRT), sometimes referred to as information richness theory, is a framework used to describe a communication medium's ability to reproduce the information sent over it. It was introduced by Richard L. Daft and Robert H. Lengel in 1986 as an extension of information processing theory.
Barnlund's model of communication is one of the most well-known transactional models of communication. It was published by Dean Barnlund in his 1970 article A Transactional Model of Communication. [8] [15] [21] It is based on the idea that there are countless external and internal cues present. Communication consists in decoding them by ...