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Diltiazem, sold under the brand name Cardizem among others, is a nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker medication used to treat high blood pressure, angina, and certain heart arrhythmias. [9] It may also be used in hyperthyroidism if beta blockers cannot be used. [ 9 ]
Suvorexant is used for the treatment of insomnia, characterized by difficulties with sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance, in adults. [2] [6] At a dose of 15 to 20 mg and in terms of treatment–placebo difference, it reduces time to sleep onset by up to 10 minutes, reduces time awake after sleep onset by about 15 to 30 minutes, and increases total sleep time by about 10 to 20 minutes. [2]
Benzodiazepines require special precautions if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, in alcoholics, or in other drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders. [18] Triazolam belongs to the Pregnancy Category X of the FDA. [19] [1] It is known to have the potential to cause birth defects.
Primary insomnia is a sleep disorder not attributable to a medical, psychiatric, or environmental cause. [127] There are three main types of primary insomnia. These include psychophysiological, idiopathic insomnia, and sleep state misperception (paradoxical insomnia). [ 124 ]
Insomnia disorder (primary insomnia), chronic difficulty in falling asleep or maintaining sleep when no other cause is found for these symptoms. Insomnia can also be comorbid with or secondary to other disorders. Kleine–Levin syndrome, a rare disorder characterized by persistent episodic hypersomnia and cognitive or mood changes. [84]
Although the symptoms of night terrors in adolescents and adults are similar, the cause, prognosis, and treatment of symptoms are qualitatively different. These night terrors can occur each night if the individual does not eat a proper diet, get the appropriate amount or quality of sleep (e.g., sleep apnea ), well endure stressful events, and ...
A circadian rhythm is an entrainable, endogenous, biological activity that has a period of roughly twenty-four hours. This internal time-keeping mechanism is centralized in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of humans, and allows for the internal physiological mechanisms underlying sleep and alertness to become synchronized to external environmental cues, like the light-dark cycle. [4]
In medicine, insomnia is measured using the Athens insomnia scale. It was introduced in the year 2000 by a group of researchers [ 1 ] from Athens, Greece to assess the insomnia symptoms in patients with sleep disorders.