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2. Chomsky hierarchy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy

   The Chomsky hierarchy in the fields of formal language theory, computer science, and linguistics, is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars. A formal grammar describes how to form strings from a language's vocabulary (or alphabet) that are valid according to the language's syntax. The linguist Noam Chomsky theorized that four ...

3. Syntax (programming languages) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)

   Syntax definition. Parse tree of Python code with inset tokenization. The syntax of textual programming languages is usually defined using a combination of regular expressions (for lexical structure) and Backus–Naur form (a metalanguage for grammatical structure) to inductively specify syntactic categories (nonterminal) and terminal symbols. [7]

4. Formal grammar - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_grammar

   t. e. A formal grammar describes which strings from an alphabet of a formal language are valid according to the language's syntax. A grammar does not describe the meaning of the strings or what can be done with them in whatever context—only their form. A formal grammar is defined as a set of production rules for such strings in a formal language.

5. Context-free language - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-free_language

   Context-free language. In formal language theory, a context-free language (CFL), also called a Chomsky type-2 language, is a language generated by a context-free grammar (CFG). Context-free languages have many applications in programming languages, in particular, most arithmetic expressions are generated by context-free grammars.

6. Formal language - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language

   t. e. Structure of the syntactically well-formed, although thoroughly nonsensical, English sentence, "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously" (historical example from Chomsky 1957) In logic, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language consists of words whose letters are taken from an alphabet and are well-formed according ...

7. Automata theory - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automata_theory

   Automata theory is closely related to formal language theory. In this context, automata are used as finite representations of formal languages that may be infinite. Automata are often classified by the class of formal languages they can recognize, as in the Chomsky hierarchy, which describes a nesting relationship between major classes of automata.