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The functional relationship between the control voltage and the output frequency for a VCO (especially those used at radio frequency) may not be linear, but over small ranges, the relationship is approximately linear, and linear control theory can be used. A voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC) is a special type of VCO designed to be very ...
In a direct-conversion receiver, the VFO is tuned to the same frequency as the incoming radio frequency and = Hz. Demodulation takes place at baseband using low-pass filters and amplifiers . In a radio frequency (RF) transmitter , VFOs are often used to tune the frequency of the output signal, often indirectly through a heterodyning process ...
Vackář describes a VFO design using this circuit that covers a modest frequency range of 1:1.17. [14] Vackář then describes a variation of the Radioslavia circuit that can cover a frequency range of 1:2.5 [15] or even 1:3. [16] This circuit tries to compensate for some variation in Q over the useful range of the VCO. [17]
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The result is a narrow-band radio-frequency filter and amplifier. The non-linear characteristic of the transistor or tube also demodulated the RF signal to produce the audio signal. The circuit diagram shown is a modern implementation, using a field-effect transistor as the amplifying element.
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The VCO designs of the time still left something to be desired in terms of tuning stability. [2] Whilst this was an issue for monophonic synthesizers, the limited number of oscillators (typically 3 or fewer) meant that keeping instruments tuned was a manageable task, often performed using dedicated front panel controls.
A phase-locked loop (PLL) uses a reference frequency to generate a multiple of that frequency. A voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is initially tuned roughly to the range of the desired frequency multiple. The signal from the VCO is divided down using frequency dividers by the multiplication factor. The divided signal and the reference ...