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As the main means of transoceanic travel for more than a century, ocean liners were essential to the transport needs of national governments, commercial enterprises and the general public. " First globalization " is a phrase used by economists to describe the world's first major period of globalization of trade and finance , which took place ...
Tariffs remained at this level even after the war, so that the North's victory in the Civil War allowed the U.S. to remain one of the largest users of tariff protection for industry. High tariffs were a policy designed to encourage rapid industrialisation and protect the high American wage rates. [45]
In the American Civil War (1861–65), as was typical of the 19th century, far more soldiers died of disease than in battle, and even larger numbers were temporarily incapacitated by wounds, disease and accidents. [25] Conditions were worse in the Confederacy, where doctors and medical supplies were in short supply. [26]
In the 1990s, the growth of low cost communication networks allowed work done using a computer to be moved to low wage locations for many job types. This included accounting, software development, and engineering design. [citation needed] In late 2000s, much of the industrialized world entered into a deep recession. [22]
The Long Depression was a worldwide price and economic recession, beginning in 1873 and running either through March 1879, or 1899, depending on the metrics used. [1] It was most severe in Europe and the United States, which had been experiencing strong economic growth fueled by the Second Industrial Revolution in the decade following the American Civil War.
In the cities, the foundations of commercial pharmacy were slowly building. By 1721 there were "14 apothecary shops in Boston," [11] and the first "commissioned pharmaceutical officer in an American army" was the Boston apothecary, Andrew Craigie. [18] A sort of warrior-apothecary, he took part in the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. And ...
[2] [3] [4] During this period the nation was transformed from an agricultural economy to the foremost industrial power in the world, with more than a third of the global industrial output. This can be illustrated by the index of total industrial production, which increased from 4.29 in 1790 to 1,975.00 in 1913, an increase of 460 times (base ...
Courtyard of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, c. 1670. Although the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries saw a rise in Western imperialism in the world system, the period of proto-globalization involved increased interaction between Western Europe and the systems that had formed between nations in East Asia and the Middle East. [1]