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A higher mechanical compression ratio, or dynamic compression ratio with forced induction, can be used to improve thermodynamic efficiency. Because fuel is not injected into the combustion chamber until just before the combustion is required to begin, there is little risk of pre-ignition or engine knock.
For example, if the static compression ratio is 10:1, and the dynamic compression ratio is 7.5:1, a useful value for cylinder pressure would be 7.5 1.3 × atmospheric pressure, or 13.7 bar (relative to atmospheric pressure). The two corrections for dynamic compression ratio affect cylinder pressure in opposite directions, but not in equal strength.
In naturally aspirated engines powered by octane, maximum power is frequently reached at AFRs ranging from 12.5 to 13.3:1 or λ of 0.850 to 0.901. [citation needed] The air-fuel ratio of 12:1 is considered as the maximum output ratio, whereas the air-fuel ratio of 16:1 is considered as the maximum fuel economy ratio. [citation needed]
[4] Subaru claims a 28-percent reduction in friction losses, mainly due to lighter pistons and connecting rods. [4] [5] A compact oil pump is also credited with contributing to the reduction in friction losses. [1] The FB has a 10% improvement in fuel economy [1] with the power coming on sooner and the torque band being broader. [6]
The Toyota GR engine family is a gasoline, open-deck, piston V6 engine series. The GR series has a 60° die-cast aluminium block and aluminium DOHC cylinder heads.This engine series also features 4 valves per cylinder, forged steel connecting rods and crankshaft, one-piece cast camshafts, a timing chain, [1] and a cast aluminium lower intake manifold.
In 2007 ethanol was priced at 3 to 4 dollars per gallon (0.8 to 1.05 dollars per liter) at the pump, while methanol made from natural gas remains at 47 cents per gallon (12.5 cents per liter) in bulk, not at the pump. Presently there are no operating gas stations in California supplying methanol in their pumps. Rep.
The Smartstream G2.5 GDi is an inline 4-cylinder engine with both direct and multi-port injection and a 13.0:1 compression ratio; the engine makes 194 PS (191 hp; 143 kW) at 6,100 rpm and 25 kg⋅m (181 lb⋅ft; 245 N⋅m) of torque at 4,000 rpm in the Sonata, for the Azera and Cadenza the engine makes 198 PS (195 hp; 146 kW) at 6,100 rpm and ...
The EA211 engines are a completely new four-cylinder turbocharged and direct-injection TSI engines. Compared to its predecessor, the EA211 series is significantly more compact, with installation length 50 mm (2.0 in) shorter, thus offering more interior space.