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A higher mechanical compression ratio, or dynamic compression ratio with forced induction, can be used to improve thermodynamic efficiency. Because fuel is not injected into the combustion chamber until just before the combustion is required to begin, there is little risk of pre-ignition or engine knock.
Geometrical compression ratio is 12.5:1 The large valve overlap leads to a reduction in cylinder charge and reduced torque and power output, but efficiency is increased. This combination makes the 2AR-FXE suitable for use in hybrid vehicles , where peak torque and power demands can be met by the electric motor and battery .
For example, if the static compression ratio is 10:1, and the dynamic compression ratio is 7.5:1, a useful value for cylinder pressure would be 7.5 1.3 × atmospheric pressure, or 13.7 bar (relative to atmospheric pressure). The two corrections for dynamic compression ratio affect cylinder pressure in opposite directions, but not in equal strength.
The 85% fraction is commonly sold at pumps worldwide (outside the US), and when specifically supplied or sold as E85 is always 85% ethanol (at pumps or in barrel). Having a guaranteed ethanol fraction obviates the need for a vehicle system to calculate best engine tune accordingly to maximise performance and economy.
The Toyota GR engine family is a gasoline, open-deck, piston V6 engine series. The GR series has a 60° die-cast aluminium block and aluminium DOHC cylinder heads.This engine series also features 4 valves per cylinder, forged steel connecting rods and crankshaft, one-piece cast camshafts, a timing chain, [1] and a cast aluminium lower intake manifold.
In 2007 ethanol was priced at 3 to 4 dollars per gallon (0.8 to 1.05 dollars per liter) at the pump, while methanol made from natural gas remains at 47 cents per gallon (12.5 cents per liter) in bulk, not at the pump. Presently there are no operating gas stations in California supplying methanol in their pumps. Rep.
The EA211 engines are a completely new four-cylinder turbocharged and direct-injection TSI engines. Compared to its predecessor, the EA211 series is significantly more compact, with installation length 50 mm (2.0 in) shorter, thus offering more interior space.
The Smartstream G1.5 T-GDI (G4LH) is a turbocharged 1,482 cc (1.5 L) inline 4-cylinder engine with GDi from the Kappa family that carries a bore and stroke of 71.6 mm and 92 mm [12] respectively and a 10.5:1 compression ratio; it makes 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp) at 5,500 rpm and 25.8 kg⋅m (253 N⋅m; 187 lbf⋅ft) of torque between 1,500 and ...