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A 2016 review found "The nicotine contained in the aerosol from 13 puffs of an e-cigarette in which the nicotine concentration of the liquid is 18 mg per milliliter has been estimated to be similar to the amount in the smoke of a typical tobacco cigarette, which contains approximately 0.5 mg of nicotine."
Nicotine is unusual in comparison to most drugs, as its profile changes from stimulant to sedative with increasing dosages, a phenomenon known as "Nesbitt's paradox" after the doctor who first described it in 1969. [135] [136] At very high doses it dampens neuronal activity. [137] Nicotine induces both behavioral stimulation and anxiety in ...
Another tactic used to imply the safety of these products is that the e-liquid containing nicotine is typically labeled as "e-juice" and promoted in candy and fruit flavors, such as cotton candy, gummy bear, chocolate mint, watermelon, and grape. [173] The fact that e-cigarettes contain nicotine is downplayed in e-cigarette advertising. [173]
Nicotine-only products — Nicotine-containing products that do not contain tobacco, featuring nicotine either extracted from tobacco or non-tobacco nicotine, usually synthetic nicotine. Common nicotine-only products include e-liquid ( aerosolized using an e-cigarette or vape ), nicotine pouches , and various types of nicotine replacement ...
A 2015 study found that users vaping non-nicotine e-liquid exhibited signs of dependence. [205] Experienced users tend to take longer puffs which may result in higher nicotine intake. [ 102 ] It is difficult to assess the impact of nicotine dependence from e-cigarette use because of the wide range of e-cigarette products. [ 204 ]
Although some e-liquid is nicotine-free, surveys demonstrate that 97% of respondents use products that contain nicotine. [45] About 3.5% of users use liquid without nicotine. [138] An e-cigarette user used approximately three flavors. [134] A 2016 study showed that measurable amounts of arsenic, nickel and other metals were in e-liquids. [139]
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A nicotine base and a weak acid such as benzoic acid or levulinic acid is used to form a nicotine salt. [1] Across a sample of 23 nicotine salts available for public purchase, the three most common acids used in the formation of nicotine salts were lactic acid, benzoic acid and levulinic acid. [8]