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Cas9 (CRISPR associated protein 9, formerly called Cas5, Csn1, or Csx12) is a 160 kilodalton protein which plays a vital role in the immunological defense of certain bacteria against DNA viruses and plasmids, and is heavily utilized in genetic engineering applications.
CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) is a genetic perturbation technique that allows for sequence-specific repression of gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. [1] It was first developed by Stanley Qi and colleagues in the laboratories of Wendell Lim , Adam Arkin, Jonathan Weissman , and Jennifer Doudna . [ 2 ]
Phase I trials of the vaccine candidate started on 15 July 2020 and continued until October 2020. The vaccine candidate was tested on 48 healthy individuals in the 18–55 age range, with 28 days between each of the three doses. The trial found the vaccine to be "safe, well-tolerated and immunogenic". [9]
CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing techniques have many potential applications. The use of the CRISPR-Cas9-gRNA complex for genome editing [10] was the AAAS's choice for Breakthrough of the Year in 2015. [11] Many bioethical concerns have been raised about the prospect of using CRISPR for germline editing, especially in human embryos. [12]
See: Guide RNA, CRISPR. Complementary base pairing between the sgRNA and genomic DNA allows targeting of Cas9 or dCas9. A small guide RNA (sgRNA), or gRNA is an RNA with around 20 nucleotides used to direct Cas9 or dCas9 to their targets. gRNAs contain two major regions of importance for CRISPR systems: the scaffold and spacer regions.
CRISPR RNA or crRNA is a RNA transcript from the CRISPR locus. [1] CRISPR-Cas (clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats - CRISPR associated systems) is an adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea to protect against mobile genetic elements , like viruses , plasmids , and transposons . [ 2 ]
Anti-CRISPR protein families (table adapted from a reference) [6] Anti-CRISPR protein family Characterized member CRISPR system inhibited Number of amino acids AcrE1 JBD5‑34 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) I‑E 100 AcrE2 JBD88a‑32 (P. aeruginosa) I‑E 84 AcrE3 DMS3‑30 (P. aeruginosa) I‑E 68 AcrE4 D3112‑31 (P. aeruginosa) I‑E 52 AcrF1
On 26 November 2018, The CRISPR Journal published ahead of print an article by He, Ryan Ferrell, Chen Yuanlin, Qin Jinzhou, and Chen Yangran in which the authors justified the ethical use of CRISPR gene editing in humans. [74] As the news of CRISPR babies broke out, the editors reexamined the paper and retracted it on 28 December, announcing: