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Botulinum toxin, or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox), is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. [24] It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction, thus causing flaccid paralysis. [25]
Because cerebral palsy has "varying severity and complexity" across the lifespan, [3] it can be considered a collection of conditions for management purposes. [4] A multidisciplinary approach for cerebral palsy management is recommended, [ 3 ] focusing on "maximising individual function, choice and independence" in line with the International ...
The incidence of cerebral palsy has increased in the past 40 years. It has been estimated that, in the United States, cerebral palsy occurs in four out of every 1000 births. [11] Of those births, about 20–30% have spastic hemiplegia. Overall, spasticity is the more common type of cerebral palsy and non-spastic cerebral palsy is less common.
Botox injection can weaken and lengthen muscles, but weak, stretched muscles are often the primary problem in strabismus. Scott was therefore developing the anesthetic drug bupivacaine as an injection to strengthen and shorten weak muscles. Bupivacaine injection stresses a muscle and triggers a growth process, analogous to how load-bearing ...
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of movement disorders that appear in early childhood. [1] Signs and symptoms vary among people and over time, [1] [3] but include poor coordination, stiff muscles, weak muscles, and tremors. [1] There may be problems with sensation, vision, hearing, and speech. [1]
Botox injections are used for minor focal dystonia, but not in more advanced tardive dyskinesia. [10] As of 2018, evidence is insufficient to support the use of benzodiazepines, baclofen, progabide, sodium valproate, gaboxadol, or calcium channel blockers (e.g. diltiazem). [46] [47] [48]
Nerve block or regional nerve blockade is any deliberate interruption of signals traveling along a nerve, often for the purpose of pain relief. Local anesthetic nerve block (sometimes referred to as simply "nerve block") is a short-term block, usually lasting hours or days, involving the injection of an anesthetic, a corticosteroid, and other agents onto or near a nerve.
Pseudobulbar palsy is the result of damage of motor fibers traveling from the cerebral cortex to the lower brain stem. This damage might arise in the course of a variety of neurological conditions that involve demyelination and bilateral corticobulbar lesions. Examples include: [3] Progressive supranuclear palsy; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis