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' submission ' to God) and became Muslims. This increasingly drew the ire of the Meccan elite, who persecuted the early converts, especially the slaves and social outcasts. [1] While Khadija is universally recognized as the first female convert to Islam, the identity of the second male Muslim, after Muhammad himself, is disputed. [2]
Islam existed in Spain since the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the eighth century. At the beginning of the twelfth century, the Muslim population in the Iberian Peninsula, called al-Andalus in Arabic, was estimated to number up to 5.5 million, among whom were Arabs, Berbers and indigenous converts. [8]
Muhammad ibn Yusuf was born in 1195 [4] in the town of Arjona, then a small frontier Muslim town south of the Guadalquivir, [5] now in Spain's province of Jaén. He came from a humble background, and, in the words of the Castilian First General Chronicle , initially he had "no other occupation than following the oxen and the plough". [ 6 ]
First Muslim Female convert: Khadija [5] 610 [5] When Muhammad reported his first revelation from the Angel Gabriel , Khadija was the first female and first person to convert to Islam. However, Shia Muslims claim Ali was the first to convert to Islam. Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [5] 3. First Muslim Male convert: Ali Ibn Abi Talib [6] 610 [6]
His response was that the early Muslims had witnessed the revelation directly, but later Muslims have been exposed to contrasting beliefs and so the use of logic is necessary to preserve the true teachings of Islam. [27] The work was first republished in Arabic by Ihsan Abbas in 1959 and most recently by Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri in ...
The history of Islam is believed by most historians [1] to have originated with Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, [2] [3] although Muslims regard this time as a return to the original faith passed down by the Abrahamic prophets, such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and Jesus, with the submission (Islām) to the will of God.
Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31963-6. W. Montgomery Watt and Pierre Cachia, A History of Islamic Spain. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2007. Brian A. Catlos, Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain Hurst/Basic Books, 2018. Review: Nicola Clarke: "Abraham's Descendants in Love ...
The Muslim settlement was thereafter established permanently south of the Douro's banks. The Berber rebellions swept the whole of al-Andalus during Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri's term as governor. Reinforcements were then called from the other end of the Mediterranean in a military capacity: the "Syrian" junds (actually Yemeni Arabs). The ...