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Cephalopod ink is a dark-coloured or luminous ink released into water by most species of cephalopod, usually as an escape mechanism. All cephalopods, with the exception of the Nautilidae and the Cirrina (deep-sea octopuses), [ 1 ] are able to release ink to confuse predators .
An ink sac is an anatomical feature that is found in many cephalopod mollusks used to produce the defensive cephalopod ink. With the exception of nocturnal and very deep water cephalopods , all Coleoidea (squid, octopus and cuttlefish) which dwell in light conditions have an ink sac, which can be used to expel a cloud of dark ink in order to ...
With the exception of the Nautilidae and the species of octopus belonging to the suborder Cirrina, [51] all known cephalopods have an ink sac, which can be used to expel a cloud of dark ink to confuse predators. [25] This sac is a muscular bag which originated as an extension of the hindgut.
The cephalopod ink sac is a modified hypobranchial gland. [2] ... Glands with similar functions are present in the Nuculidae, Solenomyidae, Monia, Patellacea, and ...
The hyponome or siphon is the organ used by cephalopods to expel water, a function that produces a locomotive force. The hyponome developed from the foot of the molluscan ancestor. [14] Water enters the mantle cavity around the sides of the funnel, and subsequent contraction of the hyponome expands and then contracts, expelling a jet of water.
Cephalopods are constantly at risk of predation due to their soft bodies, [12] which provide no protection against elements and predators like fish. Most cephalopods are equipped with the ability to ink to deter their predators but unfortunately for the Wunderpus, they have a reduced ink sac and are unable to release ink. [ 13 ]
Coleoid cephalopods (including octopuses, squids and cuttlefish) have complex multicellular organs that they use to change colour rapidly, producing a wide variety of bright colours and patterns. Each chromatophore unit is composed of a single chromatophore cell and numerous muscle, nerve, glial , and sheath cells. [ 43 ]
The ink and opaline are highly concentrated with free amino acids and ammonium; they are responsible for the response of the predators since predators have receptive sites for them. [4] The ink and opaline has been demonstrated to stimulate appetitive and ingestive behaviours, though opaline differs in the sense in that it inhibits ingestion.