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In Newtonian mechanics, momentum (pl.: momenta or momentums; more specifically linear momentum or translational momentum) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. It is a vector quantity, possessing a magnitude and a direction.
For example, consider a book at rest on a table. The Earth's gravity pulls down upon the book. The "reaction" to that "action" is not the support force from the table holding up the book, but the gravitational pull of the book acting on the Earth. [note 6] Newton's third law relates to a more fundamental principle, the conservation of momentum.
The moment of force, or torque, is a first moment: =, or, more generally, .; Similarly, angular momentum is the 1st moment of momentum: =.Momentum itself is not a moment.; The electric dipole moment is also a 1st moment: = for two opposite point charges or () for a distributed charge with charge density ().
where = is the reduced Planck constant.. The quintessentially quantum mechanical uncertainty principle comes in many forms other than position–momentum. The energy–time relationship is widely used to relate quantum state lifetime to measured energy widths but its formal derivation is fraught with confusing issues about the nature of time.
At most, it comes close to the modern term “linear momentum” of a mass. This is because it is linear momentum as the product of mass and velocity that maintains motion due to the inertia of the mass (conservation of linear momentum). But momentum is not a force; rather, a force is the cause of a change in the momentum of a body, and vice versa.
Idealized 3-D rendering of the cradle in motion. Newton's cradle is a device, usually made of metal, that demonstrates the principles of conservation of momentum and conservation of energy in physics with swinging spheres.
If instead the momentum of the first particle were measured, then the result of measuring the momentum of the second particle could be predicted. They argued that no action taken on the first particle could instantaneously affect the other, since this would involve information being transmitted faster than light, which is forbidden by the ...
The Abraham–Minkowski controversy is a physics debate concerning electromagnetic momentum within dielectric media. [1] [2] Two equations were first suggested by Hermann Minkowski (1908) [3] and Max Abraham (1909) [4] [5] for this momentum. They predict different values, from which the name of the controversy derives. [6]