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After death, they were depicted as Hindu gods (see for instance Raden Wijaya). [citation needed] Dalai Lamas: 1391–present Considered re-incarnations of Avalokiteśvara in Tibetan Buddhism. Panchen Lamas are incarnations of Amitābha. [9] [10] [11] Inca emperors: 1438–1533 The Inca Emperors had a status very similar to that of the Pharaohs ...
No citizen, living or dead, was officially regarded as divine, but the honors [2] awarded by the state—crowns, garlands, statues, thrones, processions—were also suitable to the gods, and tinged with divinity; indeed, when the emperors were later given state worship, it was done by a decree of the Senate, phrased like any other honor. [3]
Rejection of the state religion was tantamount to treason. This was the context for Rome's conflict with Christianity, which Romans variously regarded as a form of atheism and novel superstitio, while Christians considered Roman religion to be paganism. Ultimately, Roman polytheism was brought to an end with the adoption of Christianity as the ...
Sapa Incas in pre-Hispanic South America; considered descendants of the sun god Inti. [5] Oceania Kings or Akua Aliʻi of the Hawaiian Islands before 1839. Europe Many Roman emperors were declared gods by the Roman Senate (generally after their death; see Roman imperial cult).
Roman emperors had always held high religious offices; under Constantine there arose the specifically Christian idea that the emperor was God's chosen ruler on earth, a special protector and leader of the Christian Church, a position later termed Caesaropapism. In practice, an emperor's authority on Church matters was frequently subject to ...
Emperors considered themselves responsible to the gods for the spiritual health of their subjects, and after Constantine they had a duty to help the Church define and maintain orthodoxy. [40] The Church generally regarded the definition of doctrine as the responsibility of the bishops ; the emperor's role was to enforce doctrine, root out ...
In the year before the First Council of Constantinople in 381, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire when Theodosius I, emperor of the East, Gratian, emperor of the West, and Gratian's junior co-ruler Valentinian II issued the Edict of Thessalonica in 380, [1] which recognized the catholic orthodoxy [a] of Nicene Christians as the Roman Empire's state religion.
Egyptian relief at Dendera depicting Trajan (right, r. 98–117) in full pharaonic garb, sacrificing goods to the goddess Hathor and her son Ihy The Roman pharaohs, [1] rarely referred to as ancient Egypt's Thirty-fourth Dynasty, [2] [a] were the Roman emperors in their capacity as rulers of Egypt, especially in Egyptology.