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In demography, demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory in the social sciences referring to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates as societies attain more technology, education (especially of women), and economic development. [1]
Population momentum impacts the immediate birth and death rates in the population that determine the natural rate of growth. However, for a population to have an absolute zero amount of natural growth, three things must occur. 1. Fertility rates must level off to the replacement rate (the net reproduction rate should be 1). If the fertility ...
A loosely defined goal of ZPG is to match the replacement fertility rate, which is the average number of children per woman which would hold the population constant. This replacement fertility will depend on mortality rates and the sex ratio at birth, and varies from around 2.1 in developed countries to over 3.0 in some developing countries. [12]
Replacement-level fertility in terms of the net reproduction rate (NRR) is exactly one, because the NRR takes both mortality rates and sex ratios at birth into account. As of 2010, about 48% (3.3 billion people) of the world population lives in nations with sub-replacement fertility. [ 3 ]
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Omran's third phase occurs when human birth rates drastically decline from highly positive replacement rates to stable replacement numbers. In several European nations replacement rates have even become negative. [11] This transition generally represents the net effect of individual choices on family size and the ability to implement those choices.
Hispanic dropout rates are among the highest and Hispanic education achievement levels are among the lowest of any minority. This problem is exacerbated by a modern US society in which higher levels of educational achievement are increasingly considered prerequisites for employment, contributing to a higher than average unemployment rate among
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