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  2. Cold-formed steel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold-formed_steel

    The use of cold-formed steel members in building construction began in the 1850s in both the United States and Great Britain. In the 1920s and 1930s, acceptance of cold-formed steel as a construction material was still limited because there was no adequate design standard and limited information on material use in building codes.

  3. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocode_3:_Design_of...

    It applies to cold-formed steel products made from coated or uncoated thin gauge hot or cold rolled sheet or strip, that have been cold-formed by such processes as cold-rolled forming or press-braking. It may also be used for the design of profiled steel sheeting for composite steel and concrete slabs at the construction stage, see EN 1994.

  4. Self-framing metal buildings - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Framing_Metal_Buildings

    Self-framing metal buildings are a form of pre-engineered building which utilizes roll formed roof and wall panel diaphragms as significant parts of the structural supporting system. Additional structural elements may include mill or cold-formed elements to stiffen the diaphragm perimeters, transfer forces between diaphragms and provide ...

  5. ASTM A500 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM_A500

    ASTM A500 is a standard specification published by the ASTM for cold-formed welded and seamless carbon steel structural tubing in round, square, and rectangular shapes. It is the most commonly specified ASTM standard in the US for hollow structural sections. Another related standard is ASTM A501, which is a hot-formed version of this A500.

  6. Loading gauge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loading_gauge

    The cross section at the bottom of the well car differs from the X section of all other AAR plates. X section at center of car [31] [35] [34] Width of 10 feet 8 inches (3.25 m) only possible at the trucks [31] 10 1 3.07 [31] 20 3 6.17: 63 9 19.43: e.g. Including the height of double stacked containers in well cars.

  7. Tire code - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire_code

    The tyre load index (LI) on a passenger-car tire is a two- or three-digit numerical code used to cross-reference a load & inflation table that will give the maximum load each tire can carry at a given pressure. The load index is sometimes used in conjunction with the load range, which appears elsewhere on the tire.

  8. Limit state design - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_state_design

    A clear distinction is made between the ultimate state (US) and the ultimate limit state (ULS). The Ultimate State is a physical situation that involves either excessive deformations sufficient to cause collapse of the component under consideration or the structure as a whole, or deformations exceeding values considered to be the acceptable tolerance.

  9. Finite strip method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_strip_method

    The finite strip method is a technique of structural analysis used for bridge and tall structure design as well and in the design of construction components such as steel beams. The technique was first introduced in 1968 and is less powerful and versatile than the finite element method but is more efficient in terms of computation power in some ...