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  2. Causal inference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_inference

    Causal inference is the process of determining the independent, actual effect of a particular phenomenon that is a component of a larger system. The main difference between causal inference and inference of association is that causal inference analyzes the response of an effect variable when a cause of the effect variable is changed.

  3. Cause (medicine) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_(medicine)

    Cause, also known as etiology (/ iː t i ˈ ɒ l ə dʒ i /) and aetiology, is the reason or origination of something. [ 1 ] The word etiology is derived from the Greek αἰτιολογία , aitiologia , "giving a reason for" ( αἰτία , aitia , "cause"; and -λογία , -logia ).

  4. Four causes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_causes

    Aristotle distinguished between intrinsic and extrinsic causes. Matter and form are intrinsic causes because they deal directly with the object, whereas efficient and finality causes are said to be extrinsic because they are external. [8] Thomas Aquinas demonstrated that only those four types of causes can exist and no others. He also ...

  5. Logophoricity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logophoricity

    The more prominent an antecedent has been throughout a discourse, the more accessible it is; as such, Reuland based his reasoning for long-distance reflexives in logophoric interpretations on Ariel's prediction that whether a pronoun or reflexive may be used in a sentence, it depended not on the binding conditions, but on the accessibility of ...

  6. Causal analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_analysis

    Causal analysis is the field of experimental design and statistics pertaining to establishing cause and effect. [1] Typically it involves establishing four elements: correlation, sequence in time (that is, causes must occur before their proposed effect), a plausible physical or information-theoretical mechanism for an observed effect to follow from a possible cause, and eliminating the ...

  7. Immediate constituent analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immediate_constituent_analysis

    Harris expanded on Bloomfield's distributional analysis by providing a more formal approach to syntactic structure, specifically in English sentence analysis. In the 1940s and 1950s, Harris introduced the concept of immediate constituents as the parts of a sentence that can be directly combined to form larger units, such as noun phrases (NPs ...

  8. Etiology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiology

    Etiology (/ ˌ iː t i ˈ ɒ l ə dʒ i /; alternatively spelled aetiology or ætiology) is the study of causation or origination. The word is derived from the Greek word αἰτιολογία ( aitiología ), meaning "giving a reason for" (from αἰτία ( aitía ) 'cause' and -λογία ( -logía ) 'study of'). [ 1 ]

  9. Occam's razor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam's_razor

    Therefore, to the same natural effects we must, as far as possible, assign the same causes." [ 20 ] [ 21 ] In the sentence hypotheses non fingo , Newton affirms the success of this approach. Bertrand Russell offers a particular version of Occam's razor: "Whenever possible, substitute constructions out of known entities for inferences to unknown ...