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The yolk sac is the first element seen within the gestational sac during pregnancy, [1] usually at three days gestation. The yolk sac is situated on the front ( ventral ) part of the embryo ; it is lined by extra-embryonic endoderm , [ 3 ] outside of which is a layer of extra-embryonic mesenchyme , derived from the epiblast.
The mean sac diameter [3] can effectively estimate the gestational age [4] between 5 and 6 weeks, with an accuracy of about +/- 5 days. [5] The yolk sac and embryo should be readily identifiable when the gestational sac reaches a certain size — a yolk sac should be seen when the gestational sac is 20mm and a fetal pole should be seen when the ...
A gestational sac can be reliably seen on transvaginal ultrasound by 5 weeks' gestational age (approximately 3 weeks after ovulation). The embryo should be seen by the time the gestational sac measures 25 mm, about five and a half weeks. [ 10 ]
At the end of the second week of development, some cells of the trophoblast penetrate and form rounded columns into the syncytiotrophoblast. These columns are known as primary villi. At the same time, other migrating cells form into the exocoelomic cavity a new cavity named the secondary or definitive yolk sac, smaller than the primitive yolk sac.
Gestational age: 5 weeks and 0 days until 5 weeks and 6 days old. 36–42 days from last menstruation. Embryonic age: Week nr 4. 3 weeks old. 22–28 days from fertilization. The embryo measures 4 mm (1 ⁄ 8 in) in length and begins to curve into a C shape. The heart bulges, further develops, and begins to beat in a regular rhythm.
With obstetric ultrasonography the gestational sac (intrauterine fluid collection) can be visualized at 4.5 to 5 weeks gestation, the yolk sac at 5 to 6 weeks gestation, and fetal pole at 5.5 to 6 weeks gestation. Ultrasound is used to diagnose multiple gestation, which cannot be diagnosed based on the presence of hCG in urine or blood. [15]
In embryology, Carnegie stages are a standardized system of 23 stages used to provide a unified developmental chronology of the vertebrate embryo.. The stages are delineated through the development of structures, not by size or the number of days of development, and so the chronology can vary between species, and to a certain extent between embryos.
The fetal membranes are derived from the trophoblast layer (outer layer of cells) of the implanting blastocyst. [3] The trophoblast layer differentiates into amnion and the chorion, which then comprise the fetal membranes. [4] The amnion is the innermost layer and, therefore, contacts the amniotic fluid, the fetus and the umbilical cord. [5]