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In physics, the fine-structure constant, also known as the Sommerfeld constant, commonly denoted by α (the Greek letter alpha), is a fundamental physical constant that quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.
Since the creation of bitcoin in 2009, the number of new cryptocurrencies has expanded rapidly. [1]The UK's Financial Conduct Authority estimated there were over 20,000 different cryptocurrencies by the start of 2023, although many of these were no longer traded and would never grow to a significant size.
H-bar or h-bar can refer to: . H with stroke, a Latin letter H with a doubled horizontal stroke (Ħ ħ) . Voiceless pharyngeal fricative, represented in IPA by ħ ; Reduced Planck constant, in which the above symbol represents as a mathematical symbol, ħ = h/(2π)
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Hashgraph is a distributed ledger technology that has been described as an alternative to blockchains.The hashgraph technology is currently patented, is used by the public ledger Hedera, and there is a grant to implement the patent as a result of the Apache 2.0's Grant of Patent License (provision #3) so long as the implementation conforms to the terms of the Apache license. [1]
Comparison of the strong coupling constant measurements by different experiments as of 2023 with ATLAS the latest and most precise value [5] [6] In non-abelian gauge theories, the beta function can be negative, as first found by Frank Wilczek , David Politzer and David Gross .
In quantum field theory, the Casimir effect (or Casimir force) [1] is a physical force acting on the macroscopic boundaries of a confined space which arises from the quantum fluctuations of a field.