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  2. Free-radical halogenation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-radical_halogenation

    For example, consider radical bromination of toluene: [5] bromination of toluene with hydrobromic acid and hydrogen peroxide in water. This reaction takes place on water instead of an organic solvent and the bromine is obtained from oxidation of hydrobromic acid with hydrogen peroxide. An incandescent light bulb suffices to radicalize.

  3. Electrophilic halogenation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_halogenation

    Halogenation of phenols is faster in polar solvents in a basic environment due to the dissociation of phenol, with phenoxide ions being more susceptible to electrophilic attack as they are more electron-rich. Chlorination of toluene with chlorine without catalyst requires a polar solvent as well such as acetic acid.

  4. Bromotoluene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromotoluene

    Bromotoluenes are aryl bromides based on toluene in which at least one aromatic hydrogen atom is replaced with a bromine atom. They have the general formula C 7 H 8–n Br n, where n = 1–5 is the number of bromine atoms.

  5. Halogenation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenation

    In chemistry, halogenation is a chemical reaction which introduces one or more halogens into a chemical compound. Halide -containing compounds are pervasive, making this type of transformation important, e.g. in the production of polymers , drugs . [ 1 ]

  6. Benzyl bromide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl_bromide

    Benzyl bromide can be synthesized by the bromination of toluene under conditions suitable for a free radical halogenation: The structure has been examined by electron diffraction. [ 5 ]

  7. Electrophilic aromatic substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_aromatic...

    The overall reaction mechanism, denoted by the Hughes–Ingold mechanistic symbol S E Ar, [3] begins with the aromatic ring attacking the electrophile E + (2a). This step leads to the formation of a positively charged and delocalized cyclohexadienyl cation, also known as an arenium ion, Wheland intermediate, or arene σ-complex (2b).

  8. Toluene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluene

    Toluene (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u iː n /), also known as toluol (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u. ɒ l , - ɔː l , - oʊ l / ), is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon [ 15 ] with the chemical formula C 6 H 5 CH 3 , often abbreviated as PhCH 3 , where Ph stands for the phenyl group.

  9. Halogen addition reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen_addition_reaction

    The reaction mechanism for an alkene bromination can be described as follows. In the first step of the reaction, a bromine molecule approaches the electron-rich alkene carbon–carbon double bond. The bromine atom closer to the bond takes on a partial positive charge as its electrons are repelled by the electrons of the double bond.