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A genetically modified mouse, genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) [1] or transgenic mouse is a mouse (Mus musculus) that has had its genome altered through the use of genetic engineering techniques. Genetically modified mice are commonly used for research or as animal models of human diseases and are also used for research on genes.
The C57BL/6 mouse was the second-ever mammalian species to have its entire genome published. [1] The dark coat makes the mouse strain convenient for creating transgenic mice: it is crossed with a light-furred 129 mouse, and the desirable crosses can be easily identified by their mixed coat colors. [1]
Mice with genes knocked out (knockout mouse) were created in 1989. The first transgenic livestock were produced in 1985 [28] and the first animal to synthesise transgenic proteins in their milk were mice, [29] engineered to produce human tissue plasminogen activator in 1987. [30]
Mice with genes removed (termed a knockout mouse) were created in 1989. The first transgenic livestock were produced in 1985 [65] and the first animal to synthesize transgenic proteins in their milk were mice in 1987. [66] The mice were engineered to produce human tissue plasminogen activator, a protein involved in breaking down blood clots. [67]
The activated oncogene significantly increases the mouse's susceptibility to cancer, and thus makes the mouse a suitable model for cancer research. [2] [3] OncoMouse was not the first transgenic mouse to be developed for use in cancer research. Ralph L. Brinster and Richard Palmiter had developed such mice previously. However, OncoMouse was the ...
Genetically modified mice are the most common animal model for transgenic research. [22] Transgenic mice are currently being used to study a variety of diseases including cancer, obesity, heart disease, arthritis, anxiety, and Parkinson's disease. [23] The two most common types of genetically modified mice are knockout mice and oncomice ...
A mouse-human hybrid is a genetically modified mouse whose genome has both mouse and human genes, thus being a murine form of a human-animal hybrid. For example, genetically modified mice may be born with human leukocyte antigen genes in order to provide a more realistic environment when introducing human white blood cells into them in order to ...
With the advent of genetic engineering technology, genetically modified mice can be generated to order and can cost hundreds of dollars each. [8] Transgenic animal production consists of injecting each construct into 300–350 eggs, typically representing three days' work. Twenty to fifty mice will normally be born from this number of injected ...